In Latvia, the concept of a Permanent Establishment (PE) is crucial for determining whether a foreign enterprise has sufficient presence in the country to be subject to local taxation on profits attributable to that presence. The criteria for establishing a PE in Latvia are largely aligned with the OECD Model Tax Convention, which Latvia follows as a member of the OECD.

Criteria for Establishing Permanent Establishment in Latvia

1. Fixed Place of Business:
   • Definition: A PE in Latvia typically involves a fixed place of business where the foreign enterprise conducts business activities. This fixed place of business must have a degree of permanence and be at the disposal of the enterprise.
   • Examples: This includes offices, branches, factories, workshops, or any other locations through which the business is carried out.
2. Types of Fixed Places of Business:
   • Office: A location used for administrative or operational activities.
   • Branch: A subsidiary or division of the enterprise engaged in business operations.
   • Factory or Workshop: Facilities used for manufacturing or other productive activities.
   • Construction Site: A construction or installation project lasting more than 12 months.
   • Mining or Extraction Site: Locations used for the extraction of natural resources.
3. Dependent Agent:
   • Criteria: A PE can also be established if a dependent agent in Latvia acts on behalf of the foreign enterprise and has the authority to conclude contracts or bind the enterprise in its dealings with third parties.
   • Regular Authority: The agent must exercise this authority regularly and not merely on an occasional basis.
4. Activities that Do Not Constitute a PE:Certain activities are excluded from creating a PE if they are of a preparatory or auxiliary nature:
   • Storage and Display: Maintaining a fixed place of business solely for storing or displaying goods or merchandise.
   • Purchasing: Using a place solely for the purchase of goods or collecting information for the enterprise.
   • Auxiliary Activities: Conducting activities that are solely preparatory or auxiliary in nature, such as maintaining a fixed place for the purpose of collecting information or advertising.
5. Construction and Installation Projects:
   • Threshold: A construction or installation project may constitute a PE if it lasts more than 12 months. This includes major construction, assembly, or installation activities.
   • Continuous Work: The duration is considered cumulative, meaning that if the project is split over different phases, the periods are added together to determine if the 12-month threshold is met.
6. Regulatory and Compliance Considerations:
   • Tax Registration: A foreign enterprise with a PE in Latvia must register with the Latvian State Revenue Service (SRS) for tax purposes.
   • Tax Filing: The foreign enterprise must file annual tax returns and pay corporate income tax on the profits attributable to the PE.
   • Transfer Pricing: The PE must comply with Latvian transfer pricing rules, which require transactions between the PE and other related entities to be conducted at arm’s length.
7. Double Taxation Treaties (DTTs):
   • Application: Latvia has an extensive network of double taxation treaties that may affect the determination of PE and the taxation of profits. These treaties often follow the OECD Model Tax Convention and may modify the standard definitions and rules for PE.
   • Relief: DTTs generally provide mechanisms to avoid or relieve double taxation, potentially impacting how PE profits are taxed and reported.
8. Anti-Avoidance Measures:
   • Substance Over Form: Latvian tax authorities may apply anti-avoidance measures to ensure that entities cannot avoid PE status through artificial arrangements.
   • Economic Substance: The enterprise must demonstrate that its activities in Latvia are substantial and not merely structured to avoid tax liabilities.

Summary:

In Latvia, the establishment of a Permanent Establishment is based on the presence of a fixed place of business or a dependent agent through which a foreign enterprise conducts business activities. The activities must go beyond mere preparatory or auxiliary functions to constitute a PE. Construction and installation projects have specific thresholds for PE determination, and compliance with local tax regulations is mandatory. Foreign enterprises should also consider Latvia's double taxation treaties and anti-avoidance rules to ensure proper tax treatment and avoid disputes with tax authorities.

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